Sustainable Steelmaking by Process Integration

................................................................................................................... IV APPENDED PAPERS .................................................................................................... VI RELATED PUBLICATIONS........................................................................................ VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. VIII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ XI LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... XIV 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aim of Research ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Appended Papers Overview ........................................................................... 1 1.3 Co-author Statement ...................................................................................... 3 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................... 4 2.1 Sustainable Process Design ............................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Process Integration ............................................................................. 6 2.2 Advances in Process Integration .................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Mathematical Programming Techniques ........................................... 7 3 ADVANCES IN CONVENTIONAL STEELMAKING PROCESS ...................... 9 3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 9 3.1.1 Direct Reduction .............................................................................. 10 3.1.2 Smelting Reduction .......................................................................... 10 3.2 Conventional Steelmaking ........................................................................... 10 3.2.1 Process Descriptions ........................................................................ 11 3.2.1.1 Sinter Plant ...................................................................... 11 3.2.1.2 Coke Plant ....................................................................... 12 3.2.1.3 Blast Furnace ................................................................... 13 3.2.1.4 Hot Stoves ....................................................................... 14 3.2.1.5 Basic Oxygen Furnace .................................................... 15 3.2.1.6 Air Separation Unit ......................................................... 15